Themes and Issues in American History 1492-1789 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1889 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Themes and Issues in American History September 27, 2006 1492-1789 The Indians were a hospitable and sharing race and sharing was part and parcel of their culture. They were not influenced by the frenzy of the day, capitalism and feudalism. Columbus was motivated by his quest for gold to pay his backers. Gold was the new currency of the day, better than land because it could buy anything. After the wholesale slaughter of the Indians with no gold to show for it, Columbus and the Spaniards sought slaves under the premise that it was Christian like to do so. Slave labor and cruelty allowed millions of Indians to die between 1494 and 1508. It is amazing how cruel the Spaniards were and how docile and civilized the Indians were. Yet, we honor Columbus as a hero and adventurer. Columbus Day is dripping in blood of an innocent peaceful people. The early English settlements were also rife with terrorism of the Indian population. They looked for any small infraction by the Indians in order to severely punish the entire population and then would confiscate land and treasure. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Themes and Issues in American History 1492-1789" essay for you Create order It reminded me that war throughout all the ages from Columbus to the present has been fought for reasons far and above the inconsequential initial grievance. Hitler and Poland, Israel and Lebanon, US and Iraq are all examples. As in the Spanish conquest, all the gold and blood did not change Spain’s ranking in the world. The Indian civilization was in fact much greater developed than the European civilization of its day. They had peace, prosperity, and development. Had their people been left alone without the European influence of slaughter, enslavement, and disease it might well have been the utopian society of its day. Who were the real savages and why to this day are the â€Å"Indians† still portrayed as primitive beings? Were the Incas, Mayans, Iroquois, Mohawk and other descendants of the great Bering Sea trek any less celebrated than the great civilizations in history, the Greeks or Romans? The Virginians of 1619 were desperate for labor in order to grow enough food to stay alive and tobacco for export. Hunger was so prevalent that many colonists reverted to cannibalism. They couldn’t force the Indians to work for they were outnumbered and the Indians were tough and resourceful. White servants were not brought over in sufficient quantities to matter and after a period of time their contract of work would expire. The free white settlers, many who were craftsman and men of leisure were little inclined to work the land. In fact John Smith in the earliest settlements had to resort to a kind of martial law to force them to work the fields for survival. It was probably the first utterance to what would become the mantra of the 20th century, â€Å"it’s not my job. † Edmond Morgan in his book American Slavery, American Freedom summed up the narrow mindedness of the early settlers feeling of superiority over the â€Å"savages† of the land; that they were capable of inflicting much terror on the Indian population which proved their superiority, however they couldn’t hunt or grow corn to survive. Black slaves were the answer. By 1619 over 1,000,000 blacks had already been brought from Africa to South America and the Caribbean to work the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. Fifty years before Columbus the Portuguese took African blacks to Lisbon which was the start of the regular trade in slaves. Once again it was the superior European methods in cruelty that enabled them to conquer a civilization that was their equal in both societal and evolutionary practices. It was easier to make Africans slaves as they were far from home, exposed to immense cruelty, and generation after generation were raised to believe their in-superiority through racial hatred and the color line where white was master and black was slave. American slavery and cruelty was fed by the frenzy of profit to be made from capitalistic agriculture. By 1800 between 10 to 15 million blacks had been transported to America. It is also estimated that Africa lost 50 million people to death and slavery in those centuries we call the beginning of modern civilization. It took physiological and physical methods to keep the slaves from revolting. They included racism based on color, cruel discipline, the break up of the slave family, and the creation of discrimination through the creation of a privileged group of slaves by separation of house slaves and field slaves. Also slaves themselves were lulled into submission through religion and the tribal understanding of the rule of law. Fear of rebellion and the joining of poor white servants and settlers with black slaves against the ruling class were rampant in these times. Laws were created that specifically addressed the white and black class line. It enabled the ruling whites of the day to give some respectability to the poor white laborers by making them feel superior in status to blacks and thus allowing slavery to flourish. As the country grew the disparity between the rich and the poor, the slave and the free man continued to grow. In 1676 one hundred years before the American Revolution, Bacons Rebellion showed this tumultuous period of time. The frontiersmen were pushed further west as the prime land along the coast was controlled by the elite. As they were pushed further west they encountered more Indians who were hostile to their land grab. The frontiersmen were an impoverished class resenting the taxation, land rents, and privilege of the ruling class who showed their inability and unwillingness to protect them from the Indians. There was a complex chain of oppression in Virginia. The Indians were plundered by the frontiersman, who were taxed and controlled by the Jamestown elite, who in turn were being exploited by England with the substandard prices being paid for the colonist’s exports and the unfair monopolies of the English merchant seaman. Revolution anyone? But it was the fear of the poor white class servant joining with the black slave that pushed the country to the Revolutionary War of 1776. As more and more people of white heritage came as servants, the exploitation by the ruling class became more vicious. In the 1600’s and 1700’s many poor European whites were coerced to come to the new world with promises, and lies, kidnapping and forced exile. Once they arrived they were treated no better than slaves and were forced into unreasonable contracts of servitude. The ruling government of the time sided with the wealthy elite who they themselves were part and parcel of. Escape was easier than rebellion so laws were enacted and mechanisms for control were put in place. It is quite clear that by the 1700’s the distinction between rich and poor became sharper. In New York State alone Gov. Ben Fletcher gave ? of the land to 30 people. The colonies were growing fast in the 1700’s. The population of 250,000 in 1760 was 1,600,000 by 1770. Those were boom times for the big cities as manufacturing, agriculture, shipping and trade were expanded. The common working class was continuing to be taxed and oppressed and there were frequent outbreaks of disorder. The problem of control became more serious. Many poor frontiersman ran away to join Indian tribes never to return preferring the freedom and fairness of the Indian culture. It became increasingly important to enact laws and to create instances that kept the Indians and the blacks in check by following a policy of aversion between the two races. Black slaves would be instructed to fight and kill Indians and Indians would capture run away slaves and return them for payment. The policy of racism was introduced to keep the poor whites from joining with the Negro slaves. Interracial children were ostracized from society and interracial relationships punished and scorned. The birth of the middle class in America by the early 1700’s was fueled by the growth of the colonial cities. The ruling elite protected the skilled white worker from competition from the Negro slave. This enabled a class of skilled, semi literate white people to prosper and to form a buffer between the poor white and the black slave. It also gave â€Å"hope† to the poor whites that they too could be part of this elite class. This bought loyalty and hope. The language of the ruling class of liberty and equality gave birth to the desire and purpose of fighting a war of revolution against England without ending slavery or inequality. To control rebellion, take over land, profits, and political power from the elite of the British Empire, it became the desire of the ruling elite of the colonies to initiate the revolutionary war. By creating a nation, a symbol of national unity, they showed future generations of leaders the advantages of combining paternalism with command. After 1763 with Britain victorious over France in the French and Indian War, it left only the English and the Indians between the aspirations and desires of the colonial ruling elite. As the British increasingly created treaties and agreements with the Indians it became apparent that the British would be the blunt of the revolutionary nature of the people of the day. With the increasingly provocative taxes forced on the colonist to pay for the kings follies it was easy thus to mobilize the lower class energy by upper class politics. The grievances were real. There is much symbolism with today’s manipulation of WW1, WW2, and the war in Iraq. Boston was full of class anger in 1763, and the local tradesman wanted open air meetings where the population could participate in making policy (regardless of land ownership) on more equitable taxes, price gouging, and the election of ordinary people to government post. The rich of the late 1700’s were aware of the tendency of the poor people to side with the British against them so they adopted policies of appeasements. They organized powerful unions, regulators (1760) and orators to take the case for independence to the countryside. They needed to exercise extreme caution as in their desire to install revolution against Britain that they did not empower the people to overthrow and destroy the property and class distinction of the rich. So people such as Samuel Adams advised â€Å"No mobs-No confusion-No tumult. † They used the friction of quartering the British troops and their taking of the colonist jobs as flash points. The elite ruling colonials exposed unity with their common brethren against the tyranny of the British by the using powerful orators and pamphlets such as Thomas Paines, Common Sense. Each harsher measure of British control escalated the colonial rebellion to the point of revolution. Finally in 1774 the setting up of the Continental Congress ( a illegal body) leading to the clash at Lexington and Concord in April of 1775, led to a vote of separation and organization of a committee to draw up the Declaration of Independence. Adopted by Congress July 2 and proclaimed July 4, 1776, the Declaration was a tool to mobilize certain groups of Americans and ignoring others, to a cause. Government manipulation continues to this day through such tools as â€Å"spin†. The call to arms from the town hall in Boston to all men to show up for military service with all its flaming radical language ignored the fact that the rich hired â€Å"substitutes† to serve in their place. This inequality continued to shape the revolution and its aftermath.

Feeling Proud to Wear School Uniforms Essay - 1015 Words

Students Should Wear Mandated School Uniforms A uniform is a standard set of clothes that is worn by a group of people. These people may be members of an organization or a group of people having the same ideas. There are thousands of kinds of uniform in the world. Police officers, firefighters, doctors, lawyers, security guards, and even McDonald’s workers wear uniforms when they are on duty. School uniforms are a controversial discussion among schools today. Many schools have already adopted a policy mandating school uniforms, while many more are still considering the change. School uniforms create an atmosphere in which the students are able to achieve to their best of ability, while attaining the most out of their education. School†¦show more content†¦School uniforms create a positive environment that will improve the behaviour of students, as such eliminating the use of foul language, gang violence, and crimes. According to Professor Margaret Harris, head of the psychology department at the Oxford Brookes Un iversity, uniforms â€Å"†¦often directly contribute to feeling of school pride, which the students did not want to compromise by misbehaving outside the school† (DailyMail.co.uk). School uniforms provide a positive educational environment in which equality and unity is evident among students. Bullying is one of the most discussed and sensitive topics in schools today. Many students everyday are harassed physically, verbally, and socially. There have been many cases where the cause of bullying stems from people being different for not wearing the â€Å"right† clothing. With the mandating of uniforms, this allows students to be on a more equal field among the student body. With less peer judgment about clothing choices, brands of clothing, and physical appearance, bullying will be largely eliminated in schools. 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Presented in argument form is how the role expectations, social control, and values of being in uniform have helped me succeed. Being in school uniforms at an early age has centralized me to this idea. High school was the first time without being in uniform for me. It was a culture shock. People made fun of what you wore some days, or would look at you wrong. You were noRead MoreWhy School Uniforms Should Be Abolished2306 Words   |  10 PagesWearing Uniforms in School Introduction The issue of whether school uniform ought to be executed in schools has been a continuous open consideration all through America s educational systems. This instructive change has numerous supporters, who accept that school uniform will diminish theft of designer outfits, gang colors, smear the lines of financial class, and lessening companion power, protect their contention with exploration from genuine cases (Stanley, 1996). Then again, numerous individualsRead MoreSchool Uniforms : A Continuous Open Consideration All Through America s Educational Systems2359 Words   |  10 PagesThe issue of whether school uniform ought to be executed in schools has been a continuous open consideration all through America s educational systems. This instructive change has numerous supporters, who accept that school uniform will diminish theft of designer outfits, group colors, smear the lines of financial class, and lessening companion power, protect their contention with exploration from genuin e cases (Stanley, 1996). Then again, numerous individuals explicitly contradicting the fact andRead MoreThe Day Of My High School Graduation Speech1512 Words   |  7 Pagesgraduate from high school. I didn’t expect myself to go that far and of course I have never thought about where I am today, a college student. Therefore, the moment that I graduated from high school meant a lot to me. It was the moment that made me be the best out of me, and the moment that helped me coming back to the reality. May 24, 2014 was the day of my high school graduation ceremony. I somehow felt unready and uncomfortable inside. I did not want to leave my school, my teachers, andRead Morechinese cinderella notes1125 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause they are her ‘treasures’. 5. How did Adeline’s mom die? She died giving birth to Adeline. 6. Why is Adeline bad luck? Because when she was born her mother died. Memoir: Write about a memory you have when you had a great accomplishment at school. In my year six class, I went from a B to an A in SOSE. Chapter 2 (pgs. 4-6) 1. How many siblings does Adeline have? What are they like? 7 and they all neglect Adeline. 2. Describe Niang. She’s 17 years old, she’s French with thick wavy hair,Read MoreCindy (Pseudonym) Is An Eight-Year-Old African-American1030 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican-American female who is in 3rd grade and has attended the after-school program since May 2016 at Hope Gardens Community Center (HG) in Brooklyn, New York. HG provides after-school programs for pre-K to high school students. Cindy appears to be slightly shorter and skinnier than her peers and always wears a neatly maintained school uniform. When the intern initially met Cindy, she was quiet but expressed her opinions lucidly. The after-school program teacher referred Cindy to art therapy due to her self-harm

Amending the Constitution free essay sample

America was founded by people who strongly valued their freedom. After Independence from Britain and prior to the creation of the Constitution, America was governed by what is known as the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781.   This was understood as a â€Å"firm league of friendship†.  Ã‚   After recent freedom form the Imperialistic, central English government, the new America wanted to protect the rights of the States. To this end, in the Articles of Confederation, veto power was introduced.   Any single state had the right to veto any amendment.   It states that all amendments to the Articles of Confederation have to be ratified by each of the thirteen States and all important legislation needed the approval of nine States. At times, States would not have delegations present in the legislature, making any amendments to the Articles nearly impossible.   In effect, amendments could be vetoed by absence or by vote. Problems quickly became apparent under administration led by the Articles of Confederation.    There was no method established in the new nation for a way to receive money.   It was a voluntary system where funds were sent to the Federal Government, as requested, but the States were not required to send money.   The new Nation, under the Articles of Confederation, attempted to pass a law that would allow the Federal system to lay duties and secure public debts.   However, Rhode Island would not ratify the change, so the proposal failed. Two things became obvious.   One, if the new government was to continue, it had to be strengthened.   It needed the ability to raise money and pay debts.   It needed the ability to execute and interpret laws, not just make them.   It needed the power to negotiate with foreign powers.   Two, despite the best of planning, the future would bring issues to importance that the creators could not presently envision. The founding document for the country required the ability to be changed, however it must be changed in a fair manner that represents the interests of the States.  Ã‚   Requiring changes to be based on unanimous support from the States did not seem reasonable, as this recent experience showed. Article 5 of the Constitution creates a mechanism for changing or amending the Constitution.     This seems slightly misleading, as all changes are not made to the Constitution itself, but are in separate documents called the Constitutional Amendments.  Ã‚   The mechanism put forward in Article 5 sets to carefully balance the power of the States and the Federal government, while also allowing the movement of the people for governmental change. It states that the origination for changes to the Constitution can come fro two sources:   one, two-thirds of Congress supports it, or two, two-thirds of the States support the introduced change.   This is the mechanism for introduction.   The purpose of requiring two-thirds is to limit the number of changes that can be brought into a legislative session and ultimately the quantity of modifications that go before states. In order for a modification to occur to the Constitution, there must be wide State support.   Once a modification to the Constitution has been approved by Congress, it must then go before the states for ratification.   There are two methods of ratification from the States: one, the legislatures of the States must vote, and two, special Conventions must be called in the States for the purpose of ratification.     To require unanimous approval by the States would be foolish, so requiring three-fourths approval establishes a strong majority in support of the amendment. In American history, since the ratification of the American Constitution in 1787, approximately 200 Constitutional Amendments are proposed in any legislative session.   Only 33 of these have garnered the necessary 2/3 vote in Congress to bring them before the states, and out of these, only 27 have been ratified.    As the numbers show, the voting requirements are appropriate to the needs they serve.   States have not had to vote on 200,000 issues, yet the important issues make it through Congress and have the ability to be ratified by the States.   The figures also show that States have kept their power over the Constitution.   Despite the Senate ratifying 33 Amendments, the States have not ratified 6. During the process of ratification, there was already a call from the Anti-Federalists to create a Bill-of-Rights.   Their concern was that the Federal government was too strong as outlined in the Constitution, and the rights of Individuals could be subjected to the desires of the Federal government.    To address these concerns, we have the Bill of Rights.   This document is really the first ten amendments to the Constitution.   These came into effect in 1791, when three-fourths of the States approved them.   The Bill of Rights has become a valuable instrument in safeguarding the individual against the Federal government. There have been two major clarifications which have occurred over the years, only one resulting in an alteration to Article 5.   First, if a State initially ratifies the Amendment and then decides to withdraw its ratification (rescind), is that possible?   In 1868 the 14th Amendment came before the states for ratification. Ohio and New Jersey originally ratified the amendment, then changed their mind.   However, when Congress declared the Amendment ratified, it listed Ohio and New Jersey as ratifying the amendment.   This issue came before the Supreme Court in 1939 in Coleman v Miller.   The Supreme Court decided the decision was non-justiciable, and left the decision to Congress.   However, Congress is not bound by past decisions, so the action taken on rescission could change in the future. The second area of clarification has been the deadline for ratification of an amendment.   The Constitution does not set out any specific deadline, and the 27th Amendment was proposed in 1789 and ratified in 1992!   Both houses of Congress issued declarations stating that the unusual ratification process was valid. There was a challenge to time-limits introduced in the Dillon v. Gloss case of 1921 which came before the Supreme Court.   In this case, the Supreme Court upheld Congress’s right to impose a time limit on the ratification of the amendment.   Extending a deadline, however, has not been settled as a legal issue, and we may see this in the future. References Berkin, Carol. (2002).   A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution.   North America: Harvest Books. Kilman, Johnny and George Costello (Eds). (2000). The Constitution of the United States of America: Analyis and Interpretation. Retrieved October 30, 2006 from http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/browse.html

Ski Jump Essay Example

Ski Jump Essay Aim: The aim of this experiment is to investigate the relationship of the height of the vertical drop and the horizontal distance traveled by an object when it rolls down a slope and experiences a free fall.Introduction:Ski jump is one of the events in the Winter Olympic. This sport event involves a steep ramp and a landing zone. The main aim of this sport event is that the skier has to travel as far as possible after leaving the ramp horizontally. It is the motion in the air and the range that the skier travels we are concerned with. This motion is called the projectile motion. The displacement, velocity and acceleration of the projectile are all vectors. The forces of the projectile motion can be treated separately. They can be resolved into horizontal and vertical components. They are independent of each other; that is, neither motion affects the other. In my experiment, I would create a similar model of the ski jump. I will use a plastic track as the slope and model the skier as a metal ball.Method:Firstly, I will have to set up the ramp in the right position. I am going to bend the ramp into a curved shape. I will hold up one end of the ramp by the clamp stand and the other end will be placed horizontally on the table. It is very important to place the end of the ramp horizontally because we have to ensure that the initial velocity vector has no vertical component: uy=0. In order to make sure that the end of the ramp is placed horizontally, I will clamp a ruler on the side of the table and the tip of the ruler will prevents the ramp moving forward. I will place a sand tray on the ground for the metal ball to land. I will release the ball in different heights in order to estimate the landing location of the metal ball. I will measure the distance from the ramp to the mark produced by the metal ball on the sand. We call the range the metal ball travels x. In order to make sure that the only variable in the experiment is the height of the vertical drop, I wil l release the metal ball at the same point on the curve track. I will also repeat the experiment for 5 times to calculate the average.I would need to decide which point on the curve track I should release the ball. I will release the ball at the highest point of the track. This is because this can increase the time for the metal ball to accelerate and to leave the track with a higher velocity to produce a more significant mark on the sand tray. I will use a marker pen to mark down the point where I release the metal ball to make it a fair test. This will be the point where I release it everytime. I will change the height of the drop landing area after I repeat each of the level for 5 times. I will change it by putting books and magazine underneath the sand tray. The range of the height should be around 20cm to 80cm. It is usually hard to measure the h2 distance exactly, so it will be more or less à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1cm. The readings will be insignificant to obtain if the value of h is belo w 20cm or above 80cm because the time is either too short to measure or the distance is more then from the ground. I will also produce a graph while I am recording my results. A table and graph will also be produced in the end. Here is a diagram of the apparatus.Another diagram in preventing the end of the ramp moving forwards:Equipment:Equipment:Curved Track (ramp)Metal Ball (Skier)Paper trayBlue TacSand trayMeter rulerMarker penClamp standG-clampsBooks and magazineBoxesPrediction:Since I am using h2 as the variable, I will measure it from the point of the metal ball leaving the ramp. I predict that the bigger the h2 is, the further the ball will travel. Since the motion of the drop of the metal ball should be the same (theoretically, when air resistance is the same), the effect of h2 will have no effect to the horizontal motion. As h2 gets bigger, the time it takes the metal ball to travel in the air is longer and therefore, a longer distance should be travelled. Since the horizon tal and vertical components are independent, we can treat vertical component by different calculations.Therefore I believe increasing the h2 will increase the time the metal ball travels in the air and therefore increase the distance. Figure 1 shows how the projectile motion can be separate into 2 components. The vx and vy indicates the horizontal and vertical velocity. Here are the calculations of the motion in my experiment:Using: s= ut + 1/2at2Substituting values into equation:h2 = 0+ 9.8t2/2Rearranging the formula gives:t = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½[(2h2)/a]The horizontal and vertical components are being treated independently. As vy is 0, it experiences a free fall. We can prove that h2 has an affect in the horizontal distance by looking at the horizontal motion, and using the equation ?v = ?s/?t. We can substitude the numbers again.Using ?v = ?s/?tux = ?sx/à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½[(2h2)/a]uxà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½[(2h2)/a] = sxIn the above equation, the time it takes is the same as the time in vertical motion an d since the velocity of the metal ball leaving the ramp will always be the same, it is the time that varies. Since changing the h2 will have an affect in time, I believe it will affects the whole vertical and horizontal distance travelled.So far what I have predicted is based on theory and calculations. In the real world, there are air resistances that oppose the action of the metal ball. It will act on both vertical and horizontal motion and will reduce the distance it travelled. The distance will varies and this is the reason for me to take the average.Adjustment:A pre-test is done before the actual experiment and I would like to make some adjustment of my apparatus. Due to the different sensitivity of the equipment, I would not use the sand tray. I would change to carbon paper. By using carbon paper, I will put a cardboard under the A4 paper and place the carbon paper on top. This helps to make a more significant mark on the paper. Using the sand tray is not a good idea because t he metal ball rolls on the tray after it hits the sand and created more then one mark for me to measure and it is very inaccurate. I will use a big size metal ball which is heavy enough to make an obvious mark on the paper. I am going to use regular sizes boxes to increase the h2. Because of the nature of the soft surface on the boxes, the metal ball is not able to make an obvious mark on the A4 paper. This is the reason for me to place a cardboard under the paper to make it land on a hard surface. For the plastic ramp, it bends slightly after it is being clamped and before each recording, I would stick blue tac under the ramp and make sure that the end is horizontal and the horizontal distance is the same for every result. This distance will have an affect on the launching velocity. The launching height will be 20cm to 80cm, from the pre-test; I believe it gives a reasonable range to measure the distance.Safety Precautions:The metal ball I am using weighs around 45 grams and it can injure people walking pass by if being hit. I need to make sure the landing zone is clear of obstacles. I will make sure there are no breakable objects around because the metal ball will bounce for a distance before it stops.Tables of result:Vertical distance from the horizontal launching level (h2) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmTotal horizontal distance travelled (range) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmPercentage Error (%) for (h2)1.0 (uncertainty) x 10020.0Percentage Error (%) for range1.0 (uncertainty) x 100Actual Result20.067.85%1.47%20.068.55%1.46%20.067.95%1.47%20.0685%1.47%20.068.25%1.46%Average:68.085%1.46%Vertical distance from the horizontal launching level (h2) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmTotal horizontal distance travelled (range) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmPercentage Error (%) for (h2)1.0 (uncertainty) x 10030.0Percentage Error (%) for range1.0 (uncertainty) x 100Actual Result30.071.33.33%1.40%30.072.53.33%1.38%30.0743.33%1.35%30.073.43.33%1.36%30.072.53.33%1.38%Average:72.683.33%1.37%Vertical distance from the horiz ontal launching level (h2) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmTotal horizontal distance travelled (range) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmPercentage Error (%) for (h2)1.0 (uncertainty) x 10040.0Percentage Error (%) for range1.0 (uncertainty) x 100Actual Result40.075.82.5%1.31%40.076.52.5%1.30%40.077.32.5%1.29%40.0782.5%1.28%40.078.42.5%1.27%Average:77.22.5%1.29%Vertical distance from the horizontal launching level (h2) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmTotal horizontal distance travelled (range) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmPercentage Error (%) for (h2)1.0 (uncertainty) x 10050.0Percentage Error (%) for range1.0 (uncertainty) x 100Actual Result50.081.42%1.22%50.0822%1.21%50.0812%1.23%50.082.22%1.22%50.081.62%1.22%Average distance:81.642%1.22%Vertical distance from the horizontal launching level (h2) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmTotal horizontal distance travelled (range) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmPercentage Error (%) for (h2)1.0 (uncertainty) x 10060.0Percentage Error (%) for range1.0 (uncertainty) x 100Actual Result60.085.71.67%1.16%60.085.61.67%1.17%60.085.81.67 %1.16%60.085.41.67%1.17%60.085.71.67%1.16%Average distance:85.641.67%1.16%Vertical distance from the horizontal launching level (h2) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmTotal horizontal distance travelled (range) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmPercentage Error (%) for (h2)1.0 (uncertainty) x 10070.0Percentage Error (%) for range1.0 (uncertainty) x 100Actual Result70.089.91.43%1.11%70.090.51.43%1.10%70.090.21.43%1.11%70.089.81.43%1.11%70.090.41.43%1.10%Average distance:90.161.43%1.106%Vertical distance from the horizontal launching level (h2) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmTotal horizontal distance travelled (range) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmPercentage Error (%) for (h2)1.0 (uncertainty) x 10080.0Percentage Error (%) for range1.0 (uncertainty) x 100Actual Result80.093.51.25%1.07%80.093.11.25%1.07%80.092.81.25%1.08%80.092.91.25%1.08%80.093.31.25%1.07%Average distance:93.121.25%1.074%Taking out all the average distance from the tables and here is a final table of what I have got:Vertical distance from the horizontal launching level (h2) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmAverage horizontal distance travelled (range) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmPercentage Error (%) for range1.0 (uncertainty) x 100Actual ResultTotal Error %(Sum of error in h2 and error in range)20.068.081.46%6.46%30.072.681.37%4.71%40.077.21.29%3.79%50.081.641.22%3.22%60.085.641.16%2.83%70.090.161.106%2.536%80.093.121.074%2.324%Graph:I have produced 2 of the same graphs. One is computer generated and one is hand-drawn. The hand-drawn shows different interval of the horizontal distance traveled. The computer-generated graph shows a more accurate and precise result from the table. The results in both graphs are the average horizontal distance traveled by the metal ball:Analysis:As you can see from the graph, as h2 is increasing, the horizontal distance also increases. The graph is more or less a straight line because the horizontal distance travelled by the metal ball in each interval should more or less around the same. However it didnt show a perfect straight line. This is because of the inaccuracy of the equipment, measurement and limitations (air resistance). The meter ruler and the boxes have its thickness and this create another problem in measuring the height of landing. Therefore the uncertainties would be the thickness of the boxes. It will be more or less à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1cm.The position for releasing the metal ball is another issue. If the ball is being released from a higher or lower position, it will have an affect in the initial velocity leaving the ramp. Higher velocity will result in a bigger horizontal component and therefore uncertainty would be more or less à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1cm. The total uncertainty would be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2cm. However, the error bars are so small that it didnt show up very obviously in the computer-generated graph.Another important factor is the piece of A4 and carbon paper I used to measure the horizontal distance. It is not stable and will relocate after the metal ball hits and bounces off. The percentage error of h2 and the range is calculated and they are shown on the table. The error is not very big, however it can still be eliminated. This will be discussed in more detail in evaluation.The plastic ramp also creates a problem. The end of the ramp is difficult to maintain horizontal because of the stiffness of the ramp and it is slightly bend. This is an important factor because it has an effect on the initial velocity and therefore will change the results. It will create a vertical acceleration if it is bend. (vy 0)In theory, we have assumed that the air through which the projectile moves has no effect on its motion, a reasonable assumption at low speeds. However, for a greater speed, the disagreement between calculations and the actual motion of the projectile can be large because the air opposes the motion. Therefore, for bigger h2 being in the air longer (time is longer from calculations in prediction), the air resistance will oppose the action longer and therefore will reduce horizontal distance travelle d. I believe this is the reason that the line on the graph bends slightly. By calculating the differences, we can see that the differences get smaller because air resistance acts on the metal ball longer, as a result reduced the total horizontal distance travelled. Therefore in the absence of air resistance, I believe that the graph produced would be a straight line. Figure 2 shows the projectile path of the metal ball in an ideal and real world: and this proves air resistance is one of the biggest limitations in this experiment.I have calculated the differences in horizontal distance for each interval from my results and the theoretical interval. I am assuming the theoretical horizontal distance travelled is the same and take the first result as the distance. I also assume that air resistance is neglected, so there are no forces opposing the action of the projectile and therefore leads to same distance in each interval.h2 value (cm)Actual horizontal distance travelled (cm)Theoretic al horizontal distance travelled (cm)20.04.64.630.04.524.640.04.444.650.044.660.034.670.02.964.6However, the actual horizontal distance travelled from my results shows that; the distance is gradually decreasing. It is the air resistance that oppose on the action of the projectile. The metal ball stayed in the air longer, so resistance force is bigger. However, for results taken at around 20-30 cm, the time it takes the metal ball to land is almost the same, therefore air resistance only have a small effect.Surprisingly I found that the difference between 40 to 60cm has a bigger gap between them and I believe it is an anomalous result because it decreases down a big gap. It decreases by 0.44cm and then by 1 cm. I think this is because of both the sensitivity of the equipment and air resistance. (Highlighted in red)Looking at the percentage error of my results, they are not a big value there wont be much effect on the whole curve in the graph. This is the reason why the computer-gener ated graph cannot shows the error bars clearly.Another point is the rolling effect of the metal ball. I believe this has an effect on the velocity and the range travelled. The differences between rolling and sliding effect will change the projectile motion in terms of friction. Since rolling down will constantly change the contact area with the ramp, this will also change the friction and therefore result in higher initial velocity. However, if the object is sliding down, then the area contacting the ramp will be constant and therefore friction will be the same. Assuming air resistance is ignored, I believe the only difference between rolling and sliding is the initial velocity produced. This will result in bigger and smaller projectiles. The following diagram shows the force acting on the metal ball.Evaluation:There are different things that I could change to improve the accuracy of the experiment. I can put a gate as a releasing barrier at the point of dropping the metal ball to e nsure that it is being released at the same point everytime. This can also help to keep the initial velocity leaving the ramp the same. Strong tapes and sticky blue tac can be used to keep the end of the ramp in position and to maintain at horizontal level. This helps to provide uniform acceleration for the vertical component.If possible, I can also use portable stands where it can moves up or down at certain level so that I can eliminate the uncertainty produced by the boxes. It can change h2 effectively and reduce the percentage error to the very limit. Tapes can be used to stick the carbon paper in place as well.There is a way for me to measure the initial velocity of the metal ball leaving the ramp. I can place a light gate at the end of the ramp to measure the time for the ball takes to travel. Then measuring the diameter of the ball gives me the distance and I can use the equation ?v = ?s/?t to calculate the initial velocity. After that, substitute the initial velocity into th e equation s= ut + 1/2at2 (As I have explained in my prediction) can gives me the initial velocity leaving the ramp (ux).Using ?v = ?s/?tux = ?sx/à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½[(2h )/a]uxà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½[(2h )/a] = sxTherefore I can use it to calculate a more precise value of the theoretical distance travelled by the metal ball. It can provide more evidence for me to investigate the actual horizontal distance traveled.In order to make the results as accurate as possible, we can try to eliminate all the uncertainties. However, some of the limitations cannot be eliminate. Air resistance is always present and is a force that always opposes the action of the metal ball. However, I can change the acting of the metal ball. I can use object that slides or rolls down. However, it is hard to make the same object slide and roll down at the same time. The metal ball is always going to roll down and produce a spinning effect. If I use another object to slide down, the air resistance would be different and therefore it will only result in increasing the uncertainties. But I can still carry further investigation in these criteria. Another interesting point would be changing the vertical unitform acceleration of the metal ball. However, I believe it is impossible for me since we will have to change the gravity of that area for the metal ball to accelerate faster then 9.8ms-2.In this investigation, I have taken account the h2 as my variable and all other factors are being fixed. I can also investigate h1 if I will do this experiment again. It is different from h2 because the difference in launching height gives different initial velocity and therefore gives different horizontal distance travelled.Conclusion:The conclusion to this experiment is that the vertical projecting level increases with the horizontal distance traveled and the horizontal component should always be the same in theory. However, it is the air resistance that limits the projectile motion. From my results, it shows that air resis tance only has a little effect on the metal ball if the time is less. However, if the metal ball travels in the air longer, the air resistance opposes the action longer and affects the horizontal distance traveled. It also proves that air resistance is a big limiting factor. This is the reason that makes the line on the graph bend slightly. It starts to bend at the point of 50-60cm. This turning point shows the effect of air resistance and the horizontal distance also starts to decrease at a bigger interval at that point.

Misconceptions of African Culture and Philosophy free essay sample

This paper is a critical analysis of the common misconceptions regarding the ancient African civilization. This paper argues that there are many misconceptions regarding Africa as a ?dark continent?. On the contrary, the author attempts to prove that there is sufficient evidence that shows Africa as the basis of ancient Greek philosophy. Contents Introduction European Thoughts on African Culture African Influence on European Culture The Destruction of African Culture Conclusion The European way of thinking about Africa is the conventional way of thinking. Before the surge of the study of African philosophy in the late 20th century, Africans were thought of as savages. Their civilization was believed to lack reason, logical, philosophy and any sort of noteworthy ancient culture. Many misconceptions about African culture can be attributed to the work of G.W.F. Hegel, a European historian. His analysis revolves around questioning the essence of history itself. He concretely argues that reason is the driving force in the universe. We will write a custom essay sample on Misconceptions of African Culture and Philosophy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is, without reason, nothing exists.

Towson University offers new MBA program Essay Example

Towson University offers new MBA program Essay Example Towson University offers new MBA program Paper Towson University offers new MBA program Paper Towson University offers new online MBA programs due to the increased interest by future students. Eighty percent of the enrolled students are employed.  That’s why the online MBA programs are adjusted to suit the needs and time frame of those who can’t attend campus. All materials and the courses are recorded and available online. Whenever the student has the time, he/she can listen to the courses and view the materials. This program gives students the flexibility to choose when they want to listen to classes and take the exams. The online MBA program at Towson University is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. This accreditation states that this online MBA program is excellent and can help the students advance in their careers. Towson University is the only university in the Baltimore area that has AACSB accreditation. Towson University representatives explain that the online MBA was modified so that working professionals who have families and other obligations don’t have to quit their job in order to pursue higher education. Students can finish the program in their own pace according to their schedule. Even though the program is online, you have the opportunity to participate in discussions that are conducted online. You also have to do assignments and you have months notice to finish them. You can submit your assignment whenever you want, it doesn’t matter if it is day, night or weekend. You can also choose how many courses you want to take at the same tim e. You can choose one or more and you can finish whenever you want. The quality of education of Towson’s online MBA is on the same level as regular MBAs. Moreover, there is no difference between online and regular courses. The only difference is the lack of on-campus interaction of the online programs. Students can address the online coordinator for questions. Most people are surprised to hear that even though the program is online those who wish can make a personal contact with the coordinator if they want to. In this meeting they can ask anything they want personally and consult the coordinator about the online courses. Towson University students can choose from four dual degree programs and nine specializations: finance, entrepreneurship, human resource management, international business, health care management, management information systems, marketing, general MBA and leadership and organizational learning. Those who wish to take an online MBA at Towson University must submit an online application, have the demanded GMAT score, enclose tw o recommendation letters, personal statement and a resume.

Middle Eastern Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Middle Eastern Studies - Essay Example It is important to understand how the countries came to be and what the balance of power has been. But things are changing rapidly. By looking at the following three media sources, we can get a sense of what is happening and how modern people from the Middle East view the world. Haaratz is a liberal Israel newspaper. One of the main issues in Israel these days is the problems in Iran. Israeli government officials are plotting a potential attack on Iran. Haaretz, as a liberal voice, can sometimes be critical of this idea. There is clearly an emphasis on politics over other issues. The paper is not concerned with oil (as Israel has none) or youth issues. Much of the discussion is existential: how should Israelis live, how should they treat the Palestinians, etc. There is much opinion and much discussion in this newspaper, and many ideas are generated by it. It is a great example of Israel’s free press. There is no censorship of the materials—and the paper is frequently cr itical of the government. Tehran Times appears to be strongly influenced by government censors. The stories present the president of Iran in a favourable light. The paper also pushes a paranoid line, suggesting that Iran is surrounded by enemies which wish to do it harm. There is an article about Iranian prisoners who may be executed in Saudi Arabia. The attitude appears to be negative. The oil sanctions are clearly affecting the Iranian economy, and there are stories about this. Youth unemployment is high. Iran is suffering from the kind of huge demographic change which Richards talks about in his chapter. The old order is fading, but not fast enough. The old order still has enough power to put down uprisings, as they did in 2009, but this will last forever. One day they will fall and the consequences of this will be unforeseeable. Reading the Tehran times, it is clear that there is kind of siege mentality the people of Iran are suffering from. All of this is evident from the paper . It appears to be a sad country. The United States is considered to be an enemy, according to this paper. We can see how Iran is trying to build alliances with other misfit countries in the region. Overall, this is a depressing newspaper for a depressing country. Al Jazeera is like the CNN of the Middle East. It is based out of Qatar and provides regional coverage in a less biased manner than other local media. The headlines are often outward looking and focus on the international scene, but from the point of view of all people in the Middle East. The tone is a unifying and quite liberal one. It is clear that Al Jazeera is not the organ of any dictator or tyrant. They have done a lot to inspire the revolutions that have occurred over the last few years. They appear to support democracy and even women’s rights—ideas which are alien to many Arabs in the region. There is even some objectivity shown towards Israel. There is an emphasis on oil news as this the main commodi ty traded in the Middle East and the source of much wealth. Overall, the news is a bit soft-ball but it is clearly not censored by any government. The Middle East is a rapidly changing area of the world. Every month brings something new. All of last year the world focused on Libya. Now, with Gaddafi dead, the world has turned to watch the civil war unfolding in Syria. Only a few years ago, we all watched Iraq

Homework assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Homework - Assignment Example This kind of reaction causes a friction that helps in the transformation of the existing rocks to form the amorphous rock (Press, F., R. Siever, J. Grotzinger & T. H. Jordan, 2003). However, a series of researches have also reported that the amorphous rocks can result from other processes like magma, very hot sediment that may come as a result of earth movements like volcanic eruptions. After their sedimentation and subsequent cooling, the amorphous rock is formed. Actually, for this rock to be used in construction process, it must be specially prepared through a series of processes. First, an appropriate mining method is used before it is taken to the industry to be given a series of chemical treatment where it will be given color, shape, texture and be put in the right shape to be used in construction. For instance, being that it can be used in making the bathroom tiles means that it should be accorded a kind of finishinthat will make it be so smooth and shiny. The type of igneous rock used in the construction of houses is the granite. It is just because it posses the right qualities necessary for the building and construction of various parts of a building structure (Press, F., R. Siever, J. Grotzinger & T. H. Jordan, 2003). According to the geological researches, the igneous rock is formed through a process of cooling and solidification of lava or magma. The magma undergoes a crystallization process either intrusively or extrinsively. In this case, the intrinsic crystallization occurs when the process occurs underneath the surface of the earth. On the other hand, extrinsic crystallization occurs on the surface of the earth mainly from volcanic eruptions. In order to process the materials from this rock, an appropriate mining method is used before it is taken to the industry to be given a series of chemical treatment where it will be given color, shape, texture and be put in the right shape to be used in

Quantitative Decision Making-Inventory Control Models Essay

Quantitative Decision Making-Inventory Control Models - Essay Example Certain indicators tell us how inventory levels have been managed, as stated by Fleet-management consultant Roger Thompson, vice president, management, fleet and facilities with Bucher, Willis & Ratliff Corp (Skipper 1). Roger Thomson has found some common parameters on controlling inventory levels, which can be used to fleets overboard irrespective of the industry sector they serve. Topmost priority is to find the major share of the parts stocked. What matters is the dollar value of parts released from stock divided by the dollar value of all parts released off late. There should be probability of around 50 or 60 percent of the time the inventory part is available. If it is not so, then certainly things need to change. If the availability of the part is quite high, say near to 98 percent, it is a sign of overstocking of that part (Skipper 1). Another parameter of maintaining the right stock is the stock movement rate. If the number of stock lines without any exit in the previous 12 months is divided by number of stock lines, it should not be more than 5 percent (Skipper 1). One of the leading parameters of well controlled inventory is the inventory turn rate, according to Thompson, which can be arrived at by deriving the value of all parts released from the stock keeping unit and dividing it by the dollar amount of average annual inventory (Skipper 1).

Epidemiological Report on Stomach Cancer Tobacco Smoking

Epidemiological Report on Stomach Cancer Tobacco Smoking 1.0 BACKGROUND Cancer is among the leading causes of death in the world. In 2012, cancer was responsible for 8.2 million deaths and 14.1 million new cases were recorded, accounting for 65% of the deaths in low-middle income countries (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012a). Cancer is a multistage process characterised by uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells which causes a lump to develop. This lump, known as a tumour, is named after the part of the body where it develops (American Cancer Society, 2012). Although mortality rates are higher in low-middle income countries, increased incident rates have been found in developed countries (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012a). An increase of 8 million cases per year is expected by 2030 (WHO, 2014). A number of factors are thought to be responsible for causing cancer such as genetic factors, chemicals and radiation, viruses or infections, alcohol use, tobacco, diet, and physical inactivity, age and several more that still remain unidentified (WHO, 2014; American Cancer Society, 2012). Lifestyle plays an important role in health. About 30% of deaths due to cancer are associated with poor lifestyle behaviour, which is marked by obesity, low fruit and vegetable intake, consumption of alcohol and tobacco use (WHO, 2014). Despite tobacco being the most preventable cause of death it kills 1 person every six seconds. The tobacco epidemic kills more than 5,000,000 people in a year – which is more than the combined number of deaths by malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2008). Tobacco use contributes to about 20% of cancer deaths globally (WHO, 2014). A plethora of evidence exists demonstrating the multipotent carcinogenic nature of tobacco smoke, and its ability to cause cancer at multiple sites in the body and not just the lungs. It can cause cancer of the renal pelvis and bladder, oral cavity, larynx, pancreas, nasal cavity, liver, cervix, stomach, kidney and oesophagus (Vineis et al., 2004). Smokers are 7 times at more risk of dying from these cancers than non-smokers (Kenfield et al., 2008) 2.0 CONTEXT 2.1 DEMOGRAPHY, PREVALENCE OF DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY In 2012 stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, was ranked as the third major cause of cancer related mortality in the world with 723,000 deaths reported (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012b). An estimated one million cases of stomach cancer were recorded in the year 2012. This represents 6.8% of the total cancer cases reported. Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide with approximately one million cases in the following year; of which 70% of the cases occurred in low- middle income countries (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012b). The numbers of stomach cancer cases have significantly reduced over the years (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012b) and several epidemiological studies have been conducted to identify the causes of the disease and the reason for this decline. Figure 1 demonstrates estimated stomach neoplasm incidence and mortality (age- standardised per 100,000) worldwide in the year 2012. Distinct geographical differences exist with two third of the cases occurring in developing countries, a nd 50% of the total gastric cancer cases occurring in Eastern Asia. Eastern Asia has both high incident as well as mortality rates, but Western Africa has the lowest incidence and North America the lowest mortality rates. The incident rates (age standardised per 100,000) of stomach cancer are twice as high in men as compared to women. The striking time trends, geographical variations and gender distribution suggest the possible contribution of lifestyle and environmental factors to the aetiology of carcinoma of the stomach. Figure 1: Source: IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012 2.2 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SHOWING ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STOMACH CANCER AND TOBACCO USE Infection with Helicobacter pylori is one of the main causes of gastric neoplasm (Tredaniel, 1997) however, in certain countries like Africa, where H.pylori has high prevalence, stomach cancer rates are still low (Campbell et al., 2001; Brenner, Rothenbacher and Arndt, 2009). This suggests that there may be other factors too responsible for gastric neoplasm. A large number of studies have demonstrated a strong positive association between stomach cancer and tobacco use. The association is thought to be because of the carcinogenic substances present in tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke contains about 70 carcinogenic substances, like hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, cadmium, carbon monoxide and others, which when inhaled enter the lungs, and is carried by the blood stream to other sites in the body, depleting the sites of oxygen necessary for survival, and more importantly, damaging the DNA making cells to proliferate in an abnormal manner and cause cancer (Cancer Research UK, 2012). A number of case- control studies have demonstrated stomach cancer to be a tobacco related cancer (Minami and Tateno, 2003; Cai, Zheng and Zhang, 2003). A fourteen year prospective study conducted by the American Cancer Society showed a positive correlation between stomach carcinoma and the use of tobacco (Chao et al., 2003). According to the study, any form of tobacco use (pipe, cigar, bidi, chewing tobacco, cigarette smoking and snuff) was considered to be linked with higher incidence and mortality rates of stomach cancer. The study included 508, 351 men and 676,306 females aged thirty years or older, residing in a house with at least one individual forty-five years or above. The individuals were chosen from fifty states in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Men were made to complete questionnaires, with questions about current or past use of any tobacco product, while women only asked about use of cigarette smoking. The study was adjusted for all variables thought to act as confounding factors; age, race, family history, education, diet, use of multivitamins and aspirin (Chao et al., 2003). Tobacco users among men are 1.68 times more likely to die of stomach cancer and women who use tobacco are 1.38 times more likely than non-tobacco users. Men who are currently tobacco users are 2.12 times (95% CI, 1.76-2.54) as likely to die of gastric carcinoma as those who have never smoked tobacco. Women smokers are 1.5 times at more risk than non-smokers (Table 1). And the risk increased with the duration of tobacco use (Chao et al. 2003) Table 1: Tobacco Use and Relative Risk of Gastric Cancer Type of Tobacco Use Men Relative Risk (95% CI) Women Relative Risk (95% CI) Never-used any type of tobacco 1.00 1.00 Ever-user of any type of tobacco 1.73 (1.47–2.04) 1.34 (1.12–1.60) Current user of any type of tobacco 2.12 (1.76–2.54) 1.51 (1.20–1.90) Source: Chao et al., 2003 (Modified and prepared in MS. Word according to required data) 3.0 METHOD/ DATA In order to assess the possible causal relationship between carcinoma of stomach and the use of tobacco particularly in current tobacco smokers, data was withdrawn from WHO database. Data for nine countries with the highest incident rates were taken from IARC, GLOBOCAN (2012) database and the tobacco rates for each country were taken from â€Å"Tobacco Country Profile† from the WHO Report on Global Epidemics (WHO, 2013). The data from the two sources was combined to form one table for purpose of analysing the relationship. Rank Country Age-Standardised Rate per 100,000 (World) Prevalence of Tobacco Use (%)2012 1 Korea, Republic of 41.8 25.7 2 Mongolia 32.5 27 3 Japan 29.9 22 4 Guatemala 23.7 10 5 China 22.7 25 6 Kazakhstan 21.6 24 7 Kyrgyzstan 21.4 23 8 Albania 20.1 26 9 Belarus 18.8 29 Table 2: Data showing incidence of gastric cancer in both sexes in 2012 (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012) Data showing tobacco use in adults in the year 2012 (WHO, 2013) In order to get a clear picture, a graph (Figure 2) was drawn from the data in Table 2 to understand if there was a co-relation between the exposure, i.e., tobacco use and outcome, i.e., stomach cancer and if it was appropriate to refer gastric cancer as a â€Å"tobacco-related cancer† as has been referred by many other studies. Figure 3: Incidence of stomach cancer and tobacco use Data from IARC, GLOBOCAN (2012) and Tobacco Country Profile (WHO, 2013) collected in MS Excel and graph generated in MS World 4.0 RESULTS: Striking results were observed on analysing the data and graphs. High rates of tobacco consumption were considered to be responsible for causing stomach carcinoma. It was expected that the countries showing high number of stomach cancer cases would also show high consumption of tobacco among the population. However, an irregular trend is observed between the exposure and outcome. The Republic of Korea, having the highest rates of stomach cancer should have shown high rates of tobacco use, however, it shows lower rates of tobacco smoking than Belarus. Similarly, Belarus having the lowest number of stomach cancer cases among the nine listed countries, demonstrates the highest prevalence of tobacco usage in adults. 5.0 DISCUSSION Several epidemiologic studies have shown a positive causal relationship between tobacco smoke and increased incidence of stomach cancer. Evidence suggests that 20% of the stomach cancer cases in the United Kingdom can be attributed to the use of tobacco (Cancer Research UK, 2014). However, a few studies like the self-analysis of data above were unable to find any positive association between stomach cancer and tobacco use. In a twenty eight year cohort study conducted in Norway, with 26,000 Norwegian men and women, no association was found between stomach cancer and tobacco consumption (Engeland, 1996). Similarly a case control study carried out in Japan seemed to show no relationship of tobacco use and increased rates of stomach cancer (Murata, 1996). When considering epidemiological studies and their results, flaws in data collection and study design must be considered before making an inference. Case control studies are most susceptible to bias. There are high chances of selection bias, especially when the investigator is not blinded. Another bias that has the potential to effect results of case control studies is attention bias, which is also known by the Hawthorne effect, according to which people tend to act and behave differently when they know the relation being studied (Bruce et al., 2008). Similarly, cohort studies may produce uncertain results because of their long duration which results in loss to follow up, also known as attrition bias. Questionnaires are considered to be the main research tools when it comes to collection of data from a large sample population. Although questionnaires are an effective and cheap way of gathering data, there are some possible errors that should be taken care of. These specifically include sampling error and measurement error (Bruce et al., 2008). An extremely important factor that can be attributed to the difference in results is confounding. For factors to be considered confounders, they need to have an association with the outcome of interest. Alcohol consumption can be considered a confounding factor in the relationship between stomach cancer and tobacco use. Alcohol consumption is considered to have a synergistic effect (Chen, 2000). However, the synergistic effect of alcohol is considered to be controversial, with some studies demonstrating no effect of alcohol consumption on stomach cancer rates (Murata, 1996; Cancer Research UK, 2014). Another main factor is H.pylori infection, which is the considered to be the main cause of carcinoma of the stomach. Studies have showed that in tobacco users who have H.pylori infection, they are 10 times more likely to develop carcinoma of the stomach than those who do not smoke tobacco (Cancer Research UK, 2014; Tredaniel, 1997). Other possible confounders include diet. Although differences in results can be observed, smoking is known to be an established risk factor for most cancers and diseases. It shall be inappropriate to conclude that no association exists between stomach cancer and the consumption of tobacco. The magnitude of the association can vary but it would be wrong to deny any association at all. It can thus be concluded, that tobacco use, may not be an independent factor like Helicobacter pylori in the aetiology of stomach cancer, but it is a contributing factor for the development of carcinoma of stomach. The use of the word contributory does not by any way rule out the possibility of tobacco having a direct effect on stomach cancer, it in fact, takes into account the persistent risk of cancer among smokers and indicates that had smoking not exist, a large and significant proportion of disease burden would not exist in this world.

An Overview of Peace and Conflict

AN OVERVIEW OF PEACE AND CONFLICT DEFINITIONS: Peace is often seen as the converse of war. i. e. peace and war as two sides of the same coin. Hence the definition of peace as the absence of war, and that of war as the absence of peace The problem with this definition is that it does not explain everything about peace and war For example even in situations of war, some conditions of peace still prevail. E. g. in spite the long years of hostilities between the Israelis and Palestinians, both have been able to reach a peaceful agreement on the use of their water resources.Secondly, the definition does not take into account the issue of structural violence, in the words of John Galtung. According to Galtung, war represents only one form of violence, which is physical, open and direct. The others form of violence has to do with social conditions of life. This consists of †¢Poverty †¢Exclusion †¢Intimidation †¢Oppression †¢Want †¢Fear and †¢Other forms of psychological pressure So from this analysis, it is possible not to have peace even where there is no war.This is the situation in countries where there is acute poverty, police brutality, oppression of the poor by the rich, use of power to intimidate people by those in power. Even where there is no war in such societies, they may not experience peace (Ibeanu) OTHER VIEW OF CONFLICT: †¢Conflict as the pursuit of incompatible interests and goals by different groups †¢Conflict occurs as a struggle over values. The values may be in terms of physical of material possessions or resources, status or power. (Louise Coser) †¢Central to conflict is the issue of perception.When one party perceives the action of another as preventing or blocking the attainment of a goal, conflict is said to occur. Therefore the two ingredients necessary for conflict to occur are: ? Perceived goal incompatibility ?Perceived opportunity for interference or blocking. In other words, conflict occur s when an intended action is perceived to be inimical or detrimental to the realization of one’s objective Generally perception is a product of man’s physiological, cognitive and cultural dispositions which of course differ from person to persons, and from one environment to another.Therefore, we can say that conflict is inevitable to the extent that it is fundamental to the existence of any institution, body or society It is inevitable because human beings are naturally different from one another in their attitude, perception and orientation. But conflicts could be destructive if not properly handled. Hence we often sat that the way and manner conflicts are resolved differentiates one organization or society from another. VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE OF PEACE †¢To the Instrumentalists: Peace is a means to an end. Here the absence of war serves the objective of social progress and development.In other words, where there is peace, society will experience positive transforma tion in all facets of life. 2. TO THE FUNCTIONALISTS: Peace has a social function of integration and order. That peace is fundamental if society is to function properly. If not the social and political system will experience stress, and then brake down. 3. TO THE PHILOSOPHERS: Many philosophers interpret peace as a natural, original, God-given state of human existence. i. e. , the pre-corruption state of man in society, as God established it. This is the God’s created state of perfection.EXAMPLES OF PHILOSOPHERS †¢St. Augustine of Hippo: He distinguished between â€Å"two cities†, namely; The city of God, founded on perfect heavenly peace and spiritual salvation; and the Earthly city of man, founded on acquisition and possessive mentality of man, but corrupt and always in conflict. †¢John Rousseau: He sees from the angle of a state of nature, the original state of existence of man where there are no desires, where men were naturally good, free and enjoy tranq uility. But this atmosphere was corrupted by human desire and greed for private property †¢THOMAS HOBBESHis argument was that peace is a product of the state of nature where life was poor nasty, brutish and short, and where society was in a state of perpetual war. For men to overcome this sorry state, they resolved to establish a social contract in which each gave up his/her right to self defiance to powerful force (what he called the leviathan) above all to which all were subject, thus creating a more peaceful and orderly life †¢THE HEDONISTS AND UTILITARIANS Argue that human beings naturally seek happiness and avoid pain, and consequently prefer peace to war and violence. PLATO: He addresses the social context of peace. He sees justice as the most fundamental basis of ordered social life. For him, justice is the basis of peaceful social life. Justice is given to each his or her live. Plato defines society in terms of three classes of people: – Workers – eng aged in production – men of appetite – Soldiers – defend the society – men of courage -Rulers – Govern the society – Men of Knowledge Each must operate within his area of competence, and where this does not operate, he sees injustice †¢SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PEACE The Sociologist also addresses the social context of peace †¢The Sociologist sees peace as a condition of social harmony, the absence of social antagonisms †¢Peace to the sociologist, is a condition in which there is no social conflict and individuals and groups are able to meet their needs and expectations This is achieved through the establishment of structures to perform certain basic functions of society; for example a society must service, it must educate it citizens, produce goods government and its often provide security for its members.To achieve these structures such as schools, industries, parliaments, courts and armed forces are established. †¢Th erefore to the sociologists, peace is achieved where these structures perform their functions adequately †¢TO THE MARXISTS: †¢Conflict is a product of dialectical materialism †¢It is a product of the structure of rewards in the society †¢It is a reflection of the nature of class and class struggle †¢This breeds a struggle for the control of the means of production in the society †¢The result of the attendant inequality is in two folds; Violence perpetrated by the upper class on the oppressed – Violence engineered by the oppressed against the ruling class – revolutionary violence. Hence the phrase â€Å"Those who make peaceful change impossible make violent change inevitable† †¢Political Perspective of Peace †¢Politically peace is synonymous with political order when the political structures are stable, we talk of peace in the society: †¢Peace is also seen as a political condition that makes justice possible. The colap se of the political structures lead men to seek other route to enforce their will. These may be in the form of Mob action, demonstration, strikes or even military coups To ensure peace therefore the political structures must be stable and effective to extent that they perform their role. Politically, these must guarantee citizens participation in the political process; ensures tolerance of opposing views; and encourage bargaining and negotiation.Also politically speaking, peace suggests that government does not rely on coercion and the instruments of force (such as army, police) in dealing with citizens Instead people willingly accept and obey the dictates of government Peace in this sense connotes mutual consent and agreement to respect the rules governing a society whether locally or internationally. But the question is whose order? Must every political order be sustained just to ensure peace (e. g. The Nazis, Mobutus, Abacha)

India Shining Essay

It has been projected that by the year 2020, 62% of India’s population will be between the age group of 15 and 59 years. This is what is known as India’s demographic dividend. This means that while the average age of citizens in other countries is on the rise, a majority of India’s population will be in the employable age group. The question that arises here and one that has been on the minds of many Indians is; does the demographic dividend contain in it a ticking time bomb or will we be able to use this as an opportunity to realize our dream of India Shining? There has been a lot of talk about the opportunity divide in India. This Opportunity Divide is that by the year 2022, 800 million people will be in the working age group but out of these only 200 million will be graduates while the remaining will be in the unskilled group. According to research done by NSDC, between the year 2008 and 2022, 347 million jobs will be created across 22 different high growth sectors in India. For example, the jobs available in the construction industry will be about 33 million, in the auto industry about 35 million, in infrastructure 103 million and in retail about 14 million jobs will be available. The interesting fact here is that India will have both the jobs as well as a matching demographic of population that will have the potential to carry out these jobs. The question is will we be able to train so many people? The Indian government has set a target of training 500 million people by the year 2022, but is this target achievable? The target definitely is a daunting number. As an Indian I do hope that this dream is realized and am proud to be working for an organization that has done some exemplary work in this field. Pratham Institute has trained over 70,000 people through its various vocational training programs and is in the process of training more. I hope that people who come across this blog also find a way to contribute towards India’s future. Maybe then we’ll have the answer to the question raised by the title of this blog.

Top 10 Confused Words in English [S]

Top 10 Confused Words in English [S] Top 10 Confused Words in English [S] Top 10 Confused Words in English [S] By Maeve Maddox My cumulative list of â€Å"words commonly confused† continues with ten that begin with the letter S. The confusion relates to spelling or meaning. 1. sight / site Both words function as nouns and verbs. As a noun, sight is a thing seen. Ex. The Pont du Garde is an astounding sight. As a verb, sight means â€Å"catch sight of something or to take aim.† Ex. The lookout sighted land at dawn. Ex. The  surveyor sighted the  compass. Site is from Latin situs: place, position. The principal meaning for web users is probably â€Å"a web address.† Ex. Daily Writing Tips is one of my favorite sites. The context in which site is frequently confused with sight regards physical location. Examples of correct usage: A small  Iron Age settlement  was found during excavations at  the site of  a new housing development near Swindon. Redness, soreness,  swelling, or itching may develop at  the site of  the injection. 2. stationary / stationery Stationary is an adjective meaning fixed or unmoving. Ex. All of his traffic violations involved stationary vehicles. Stationery is a noun meaning writing and office materials, especially writing paper and envelopes. Ex. She’s old-fashioned enough to write letters by longhand on monogrammed stationery. Tip: An easy way to remember which is which is to be aware of the er in stationery. It matches the -er at the end of paper. 3. storey / story This distinction concerns British speakers, although some older Americans were taught to observe the difference between storey, â€Å"the level of a building,† and story, â€Å"a tale.† Younger generations of Americans are accustomed to using story for both meanings. Examples: I  live in  a one bedroom  second-storey walkup  in Chelsea. Children derive comfort as well as vocabulary from a daily bedtime story. The plural of storey is storeys. The plural of story is stories. 4. sometime / sometimes / some time Sometime is an adverb that means an indefinite, unstated time in the future. Ex. I’ll clean the garage sometime. Sometimes is an adverb that means â€Å"continually, off and on, occasionally.† Ex. Sometimes she reads in the evening instead of watching television. Some time is a phrase that refers to a period of time. Ex. My web design took some time to complete, but was worth the wait. 5. shear / sheer Both words function as different parts of speech with numerous meanings. The confusion is that of misspelling sheer as shear when the meaning of sheer is â€Å"thin, fine, diaphanous.† INCORRECT: She bought some shear curtains for the living room. CORRECT: She bought some sheer curtains for the living room. Shear is a verb meaning â€Å"to cut† or â€Å"remove wool by cutting.† Ex. We watched the men shear the sheep. 6. set / sit As a verb, set means, â€Å"to place.† Ex. Please set the hot dish on a pad. The verb sit means, â€Å"to be or remain in that posture in which the weight of the body rests upon the posteriors; to be seated. Ex. Are you going to sit at that computer all day? 7. sale / sell Sale is a noun meaning â€Å"the act of selling.† Ex. He regretted the sale of his old Encyclopedia Britannica. Sell is a verb meaning â€Å"to transfer ownership of something for a price.† Ex. When are you going to sell your golf clubs? Sell functions as a noun in the expression â€Å"hard sell.† Ex. Jones has mastered the art of the hard sell: he can bully a customer into buying anything. The error with these words is to use sell in place of sale, as in this example from a site about garage sales: INCORRECT: I had a  garage sell  and I only made 5 dollars! . CORRECT: I had a  garage sale and I only made 5 dollars! . 8. straight / strait Both straight and strait function as more than one part of speech. The error with this pair is one of spelling. In all its uses, strait conveys the ideas of â€Å"tight,† â€Å"tightly fitting,† and â€Å"narrow,† whereas straight connotes the idea of â€Å"not crooked.† Here are some examples of both strait and straight: What the British call a â€Å"strait waistcoat,† the Americans refer to as a â€Å"strait jacket†: a garment for the upper part of the body, made of strong material and admitting of being tightly laced, used for the restraint of violent lunatics or prisoners. One meaning of strait as a noun is â€Å"a comparatively narrow water-way or passage connecting two large bodies of water, like the Strait of Gibraltar. A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. The old soldier stood straight and tall as he saluted the flag. 9. statue / statute A statue is â€Å"a representation in the round of a person, animal, etc., which is sculptured, molded, or cast in marble, metal, plaster, or a similar material. Ex. One of the most famous statues in the world is the David of Michelangelo. Generally speaking, a statute is a law. Ex. The perpetrator was identified just before the statute of limitations ran out. The usual error with this pair is to write statue for statute, as in this comment on a legal site: INCORRECT: My husband was sentenced to prison on a 20 year old burglary charge in California? Can they do this? Is there no statue of limitations on this type of crime? CORRECT: My husband was sentenced to prison on a 20 year old burglary charge in California? Can they do this? Is there no statute of limitations on this type of crime? 10. sensuous / sensual Both adjectives relate to the senses and are often used interchangeably. Sensuous, however, contrasts with the adjectives spiritual and intellectual. Although often equated with sexuality, sensuous can describe anything that appeals to the bodily senses, producing an agreeable effect conducive to physical comfort or contentment. For example, the touch of a cat’s fur, the aroma of bread baking, the warmth from a cozy fire, etc. are sensuous in nature. Sensual, on the other hand, implies a certain indulgence of appetite, a gratification or titillation of the senses that goes beyond what might be considered acceptable, at least in public. Ex. Madonna and Led Zeppelin Make a Startling, Sensual Pairing in â€Å"Justify a Whole Lotta Love.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireHomogeneous vs. HeterogeneousOne Scissor?

Free Essays on Sports Phsycology

The Fourth Marking Period I took a questionnaire on Brain Typing. The purpose for this was  · to understand myself better  · To help my coaches understand how to help me perform to the best of my ability  · To help my parents to better understand me as an individual The information that my Sports Psychology Class and I compiled for you is not meant to be complete. It is general information, and some areas may not be totally accurate for you. We do however, hope you and your parents enjoy reading these findings. There are 16 different Brain Types. You will have one brain type and there will be another brain type that is opposite of yours. A great deal of this information comes from Dr. Carl Jung. (Psychologist), Isabel Myers and the Brain Dr. Jonathan Niednagel. There are four pairs for Mental Preferences. (1) Extraversion (E) and Introversion (I), (2) Sensing (S) and iNtuition (N), (3) Thinking (T) and Feeling (F), and (4) Judging (J) and Perceiving (P). This report will concentrate on my Brain Type and will not give any information on the other Brain Types. Player: Scott Baumgard Brain Type: ESFP - Extraversion, Sensing, Feeling, and Perceiving - â€Å"Entertainer† Key Characteristics: performs to entertain others’ enjoys creating party like atmosphere’ spender_ not a saver, expressive, down to earth; radiates warmth and optimism; impulsive, enjoys promoting and business; rhythmical and athletic; gross motor skilled SP Characteristics (Hummingbird): Freedom loving, proficient with tools, lives for the moment, persuasive, realistic, down to earth, action oriented, risk taker, entertaining, warm and playful, optimist negotiator. Dominate Function: Auxiliary Function: Sports: Hockey Frequently Chosen Professions: Tour and travel, sales, public relations, catering, performing arts, athletics, nursing, child care, cosmetology, designing, transportation operatives, construction. Extraver... Free Essays on Sports Phsycology Free Essays on Sports Phsycology The Fourth Marking Period I took a questionnaire on Brain Typing. The purpose for this was  · to understand myself better  · To help my coaches understand how to help me perform to the best of my ability  · To help my parents to better understand me as an individual The information that my Sports Psychology Class and I compiled for you is not meant to be complete. It is general information, and some areas may not be totally accurate for you. We do however, hope you and your parents enjoy reading these findings. There are 16 different Brain Types. You will have one brain type and there will be another brain type that is opposite of yours. A great deal of this information comes from Dr. Carl Jung. (Psychologist), Isabel Myers and the Brain Dr. Jonathan Niednagel. There are four pairs for Mental Preferences. (1) Extraversion (E) and Introversion (I), (2) Sensing (S) and iNtuition (N), (3) Thinking (T) and Feeling (F), and (4) Judging (J) and Perceiving (P). This report will concentrate on my Brain Type and will not give any information on the other Brain Types. Player: Scott Baumgard Brain Type: ESFP - Extraversion, Sensing, Feeling, and Perceiving - â€Å"Entertainer† Key Characteristics: performs to entertain others’ enjoys creating party like atmosphere’ spender_ not a saver, expressive, down to earth; radiates warmth and optimism; impulsive, enjoys promoting and business; rhythmical and athletic; gross motor skilled SP Characteristics (Hummingbird): Freedom loving, proficient with tools, lives for the moment, persuasive, realistic, down to earth, action oriented, risk taker, entertaining, warm and playful, optimist negotiator. Dominate Function: Auxiliary Function: Sports: Hockey Frequently Chosen Professions: Tour and travel, sales, public relations, catering, performing arts, athletics, nursing, child care, cosmetology, designing, transportation operatives, construction. Extraver...

Reasons for homelessness in New York City Essay

Reasons for homelessness in New York City - Essay Example Social and economic factors that have been associated with homelessness include poverty, reduction in the number of available low-income housing units, real dollar decreases in public assistance to low-income families, and reductions in demand for unskilled labor. 'Homelessness' is usually defined not exactly clearly, and the determining criterion is usually the absence of 'safe' or 'permanent' dwelling, but even this is ambiguous. "Many people live in intermediate or marginally secure accommodation, such as hostels or hotels" (Homelessness factfile, 2003,par.2), and in the homes of their friends and relatives as guests or lodgers. When all of them are satisfied with the state of affairs, the dwelling is reliable. If there happen any disagreements, the 'guest' might be forced to leave the accomodation. Identifying whether an individual in dwelling is housed or homeless is related to the permanence of the state of affeirs and on the control and rights this individual had over this dwelling. In general, it is accepted that those who sleep in the streets or stay in hostels or 'bad and breakfast' hotels are homeless, but this is a final point of agreement. Furthermore, other categories of people who have no stable housing (for instance, asylum se ekers, imprisoned people, those who have to stay at the hospital, those, who live in overcrowded household, women, who have fled domestic violence) are extremelydifficult to define the housing status. A single definition is hardly possible, so it was accepted that homeless people would be divided into two groups: 1. Statutory homeless people. Local administrations are obliged to examine applicants for housing according to homelessness legislation and to determine whether they are homeless deliberately or unintentionally; and whether they fit the standard for 'priority housing need'. The authorities are obliged to divide them into following groups: 'statutory' and 'nonstatutory' homeless citizens. All involuntarily homeless citizens who have dependent children or dependent relatives with serious ailments are to be given priority status for housing, as they are viewed as an extremely vulnerable group. 2. Non-statutory homeless people, who are 'not recognised by local authorities as homeless and in priority need of housing. Some have not applied to be rehoused, while others have had their application refused. Most are single and without dependent children, and so have come to be known as 'single homeless people' (Homelessness factfile, 2003,par.2). The 2003 survey undertaken in New York City was planned to find out reasons for homelessness most important to respondents at the time of the study. The questionnaire did not purposely ask about larger social problems, even though some respondents considered it necessary to refer to those in the verbatim explanations. The survey did identify a wide range of possible causes, including a lot of sensitive individual matters; on the empirically based hypothesis that individual usually react to direct questions with direct and sincere responses. As a result, the answers demonstrated a picture of the multifaceted and numerous layers of personal problems and experiences that may call for supporting services. These results should improve, not substitute, nationwide research (New York City Report, 2004, par.3) and decision-making on

Supply Network Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supply Network Strategy - Essay Example It also improves the relationship of each link in the chain and improves the benefits of all partners in the supply chain. Finally, a three dimensional network model of a supply chain can better show that dynamic nature of the behaviors and way of information, services, and materials. A network view guides those who are responsible for strategy design, implementation, and execution to see the difficult relationships of a typical supply chain into the future. This also helps in field of "economies of scope" between the business enterprises. According to above, Supply chain management is represented as a dynamic not as static. This view of Supply chain management has its crucial point on the logical and global attitude of business and its relationships. Information technologies are the facilitators. In which there is not least absence of performance. The theory of supply chain management has commands over the products or services that are beneficial for the company. It is also involved the procedure that is faster then the cost. The term management in Supply chain management has a conservative view of its managerial dimensions, these dimensions can be planning, organizing or controlling the over all activities but there is a very little knowledge about the management of service supply.

APP assignment6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

APP assignment6 - Assignment Example hey’s uses the batch process is shown in the division between the processing of cocoa beans, roasting the beans, making the chocolate liquor, and so on. In a way, Hershey’s also uses the assembly method because it employs mechanized fixed production arrangements to produce the same goods. The special hulling machine that takes out the nib or the inside of the bean from the shell is one example of automation used by Hershey’s in its production. Automation regulates the speed of different related activities that are carried out in step (Wilson & Hill 23)—roasting the beans, producing chocolate liquor, mixing milk-sugar and chocolate liquor, mixing cocoa butter with chocolate crumb, conching, cooling the chocolate, then packaging. Hershey’s chocolate making is continuous, not intermittent. Continuous refers to a form of production that operates continually with no irregularities or repeated pauses. In the continuous production method, products are generated continually according to demand estimate (Wilson & Hill 37). Hershey’s mass produce chocolates or manufacture chocolates on a massive scale for selling and supplying. The company does not produce in accordance to customer’s orders. The production method of a chocolate industry is largely determined by the demand projection. The features of a continuous production method that are demonstrated by the Hershey’s chocolate making system are as follows: process production is continuous; mass production; the products are generated on fixed quality criteria; and the products are generated in forecast of demand. If Hershey’s wants to open a new manufacturing facility in the U.S. Midwest it has to consider several factors. First is the availability or accessibility of resources or raw materials. The company should make sure that its facilities are near to a source of cacao. If these facilities are not located near to such sources, then the cost of transportation and sourcing will cut down the company’s

Learning Team Reflection Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Reflection Essay With the advancement of technology and the rise in Internet usage amongst individual companies, businesses, and organizations, they are faced with new challenges in protecting their brand, trademark, and image from competitors (Clark, 2007). This has caused many businesses to take action in the protection of intellection property rights or IPR. For the week three assignment, the members of team A choose to discuss the case in which Premier Technologies wins intellectual property lawsuit. This paper would highlight details of the case. Doug Sayer, the owner of Premier Technologies, claimed that two of his former employees stole private information for trade secret infringement and future sabotage. The former men were members of top management at Premier Technologies. Orr and Schutte, the two men, downloaded the organizations insider information to external hard drivers, and shortly after that, left the organization to work for the competitor. According to Legal information Institute, Trade Secret is defined as the information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique, or process that derives independent economic value or potential, from not being generally known to or readily ascertainable through appropriate means by other persons who might obtain economic value from its disclosure or use. The issue is that Orr and Schutte had an intentional plan to use the operations of Premier Technologies against them to make the organization fall into the red and sale for a price less than what the business is worth. In Bannock County, Idahos Sixth Judicial District in December 2011 ruled in favor of Premier Technologies in the lawsuit Premier Technologies v. Chadd Orr, Jeff Schutte and Petersen, Inc. Doug Sayer, also Premier Technologys president and chief operating officer, argued that Chadd Orr and Jeff Schutte was conspiring with Peterson. This made Orr and Schutte breach their fiduciary duties that they owed to Premier Technology while they were high level managers at Premier Technologies. The jury unanimously voted in favor of Premier Technologies and agreed that both Orr and Schutte violated the Idaho Trade Secret Act, and that they both had a fiduciary relationship with  Premier. The jury also ruled in favor of Premier, implicating Petersen Inc. had, in fact, conspired with Orr and Schutte in breaching of their fiduciary responsibility to Premier Technologies. The ruling awarded a little over two million dollars to Premier Technologies. A $905,250 judgment was set against Schutte, while a $603,500 judgment against Orr was set for breaching their fiduciary duties. Punitive damages were awarded as such $172,000 against Schutte and $120,000 against Orr. The analysis of the case appears to be quite simple in nature. The courts decision ultimately stems from Orr and Schuttes fiduciary responsibilities that they owed to Premier during their employment with the company. The copy of protected data was not in itself the infraction, but when that information was subsequently provided to a direct competitor, an illegal activity had taken place and the two men were liable for their actions. The state laws of Idaho clearly protected Premier, and any business entity, from this form of intellectual property theft. It also awards that company money to satisfy the damages that were caused by these actions, and because of the intentional nature of the act, punitive damages were made possible as well. As there are often no formal means to protect the trade secrets that a company might have in their processes, litigation is sometimes the best option and, in this case, it certainly provided Premier with the chance to recoup their losses. As a future employee hiring procedure, it might be pertinent for Sayer to include an employee clause that gives up their right to work for a direct competitor in the future, as some highly competitive organizations do (Idaho State Journal). Through many trials and errors, laws have come to pass to protect each business from employees who wish to harm them. Orr and Schutte not only jeopardized Premier Technology’s operation, but they also jeopardized their integrity. Once they decided to work with a competitor, they stole valuable information from the Plaintiff in order to make the business fail. Their actions turned into a lawsuit that determined they breached their contract with Premier Technologies. Due to this infringement, both parties and competitor were liable for all damages incurred to Premier Technologies. For Premier Technologies to prevent this from happening again, they should  determine if a clause is needed to prevent employees from working with the competitor. Reference Clark, D. (2007). EBusiness and Intellectual Property. IBB Solicitors. Retrieved from http://www.ibblaw.co.uk/downloads/brochures/2010-05-27-15-05-41-ebusiness_and_intellectual_property.pdf Legal Information Institute, August 2010, Trade Secret. Cornell University law school.http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/trade_secret